![]() In coastal areas, flooding and erosion are additional concerns. The warming climate has also caused a decline in water supplies, reduced agricultural yields, and triggered heat-related health impacts in cities. In turn, these changes have made wildfires more numerous and severe. Climate change has caused increased heat, drought, and insect outbreaks. Climate change will also worsen a range of risks to the Great Lakes. Extreme heat, heavy downpours, and flooding will affect infrastructure, health, agriculture, forestry, transportation, air and water quality, and more. Decreased water availability will have economic and environmental impacts. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s first assessment report since 2013 describes two illustrative scenarios that keep warming below 2☌and several others that go wildly offtrack. Extreme heat will affect health, energy, agriculture, and more. Climate change is a threat to the future of our planet, but there is still time for us to adapt to it and mitigate its effects. Sea level rise poses widespread and continuing threats to the region’s economy and environment. ![]() Increasing wildfire incidence and severity, heat waves, insect outbreaks, and tree diseases are causing widespread forest die-off. Sea level rise, erosion, flooding, risks to infrastructure, and increasing ocean acidity pose major threats. ![]() Changes in the timing of peak flows in rivers and streams are reducing water supplies and worsening competing demands for water. Many states and cities are beginning to incorporate climate change into their planning. Moreover, adaptive capacity, which varies throughout the region, could be overwhelmed by a changing climate. Farmers can explore new crop options, but these adaptations are not cost- or risk-free. Infrastructure, agriculture, fisheries, and ecosystems will be increasingly compromised. Heat waves, heavy downpours, and sea level rise pose increasing challenges to many aspects of life in the Northeast. However, if we stopped emitting greenhouse gases today, the rise in global temperatures would begin to flatten within a few years. Temperatures would then plateau but remain well-elevated for many, many centuries. Humans have caused major climate changes to happen already, and we have set in motion more changes still.
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Even if you store the oil in the deep fryer with an airtight cover, it will not maintain its quality. If you don't filter the oil and take out the food particles left behind, it gradually ruins the oil quality. This also ruins the oil quality and absorbs a lot more fat than required. Also, frying something without any coating will soak a lot of oil and take a lot more time to get cooked. These also soak a lot of oil and become thicker, which ruins the oil slowly. Food seasonings and frying without any coatingįood seasonings like salt, chili powder, etc., make oil darker because they don't stick to the food after dipping into the oil. Otherwise, the food can also get burned and can make the oil dark. Once the oil gets hot, you have to decrease the temperature. Using oil in high heat for a long time in a deep fryer can ruin the flavor. Let's get to know about these matters in detail. There are many reasons why oil can get ruined after deep frying, including using the oil in high heat, loose food seasonings, frying without coating, storing without filtering the food particles, etc. Anytime you can make crispy and delicious food like a restaurant in your home with a deep fryer.You can easily control the temperature, and there will be no oil splatters like an open fryer.The deep fryer may seem like a risky tool, but it is very safe and easy to use.Here are some Advantages of using a deep fryer Deep fryers are widely used in every fast food restaurant, and nowadays, you have them in your kitchen. It saves you from searching for a separate container to store the oil. ![]() One great thing about a deep fryer is that you can store the oil in it for reusing. ![]() You can fry big batches of foods in a deep fryer, and the result will be the same as in restaurants. Moreover, it cooks and fries everything faster than a regular pan. A deep fryer saves a lot of oil despite frying larger batches. If you are a fried food lover, then a deep fryer can be your best friend in the kitchen. So if you have used the oil for some deep and long frying, it's better not to drip another item next time. I have learned from pro chefs that long cooking times ruin the smell and flavor of the oil. Moreover, high-quality oil can be used more rather than any regular type.Īny high-quality oil will give you the liberty to use it at least 2-3 times. It's the pungent smell that causes the issue. Raw foods, fish, and seafood make it difficult to reuse the oil even after one use. What type of food you are frying in an oil also makes a significant difference in its freshness. I will recommend not to reuse or keep the oil after using it 4-5 times. Up to 5 times is the threshold of any oil for reuse. Now, you can ask what if you reuse the oil and want to store it again. If you have reused the oil several times and still want to store it, it will not be in the same condition and quality no matter how ample the storage was. It will slow down the oxidation and will increase the longevity of the flavor. You have to keep the deep fryer in a cool and light-free space to maintain the oil's highest quality for a longer time. Moisture and air oxidize the oil and ruin its flavor in no time unless they are adequately sealed. ![]() However, since V CEsat is usually quite low, the power dissipation will also be low. In saturation mode, the transistor is dissipating some power, given by This dependence is typically given as a set of curves in the datasheet. V CEsat is also dependent on the collector current and the temperature. This value is given in the transistor datasheet, and is usually between 0.2V for a small transistor to more than 1V for a large one. When a real transistor is saturated its V CE will be at a value of V CEsat. Thus, saturation is defined in relation to external circuit conditions.įinally, note that real transistors cannot be complete short circuits between their collectors and emitters unless they are defective. Note that if, in the example just described, V CC is now increased to, say, 25V, or R L is changed to 1Ω, the transistor will no longer be saturated. ![]() ![]() So, the equation I C = βI B only holds until the transistor is saturated. In this mode, the transistor collector current is the maximum that the circuit conditions allow, and increasing base current will not cause it to go any higher. In this state, the transistor is said to be in saturation mode. This occurs when V C = 0, meaning that the transistor is a dead short to ground. In other words, the maximum value of I C is also 1A. Since V CC = 10 Volts and R L = 10Ω, the maximum current that can flow through R L is 1A. According to the calculations, this implies that I C = 2000mA, or 2A. The same argument applies if I B = 2mA, and so on. This implies that V C must be 9V then, since V CC is 10V, and the voltage drop across R L is 1V. The voltage across the resistor is I C x R L, or 1V. In this case, I C = 100mA, since β = 100. Note that since no current is flowing in the transistor, it isn’t dissipating any power also in this case, V C is the same as V CC.įor the next part, assume that V CC = 10 Volts, R = 10Ω, and β = 100. In this state, the transistor is in cut-off mode. When BJT’s are used as load switches, they are used in two modes: Cutoff and Saturation. Note that it is not a fixed value for a given transistor, but varies somewhat with the value of the Collector current and temperature, but that will not matter much for the purpose of this article. For the purpose of this article, they mean the same thing. The value of β is given in the datasheet of a given transistor as h FE. So, if β = 100, then the Collector current will be 100X the base current. This says that the Collector current is the β value times the Base current. I C = βI B, where β is the DC current gain, and is maybe 20 to as high as 300, or more. The key to understanding how a transistor can control a large load is this equation: In other words, for the NPN transistor the collector voltage is generally higher than the emitter voltage.įollowing the same convention, V BE is the voltage between the Base and the Emitter. With the voltages, V CE is the voltage between the Collector and the Emitter, and is generally a positive value for NPN transistors. The same arguments apply for I C and I E, with I E shown leaving the transistor. Starting with the current, I B is the base current, and is shown entering the base of the NPN. For low-side switching, NPN transistors are used, and for high-side switching a PNP is used.īefore getting into the actual methods, let’s define some nomenclature that are used when dealing with NPN transistors.įigure 2 shows the pertinent voltage and current naming conventions. BJT Low-Side SwitchĪ BJT can be used as a load switch and come in two flavors: NPN and PNP. If this type of switching arrangement is acceptable, then the low-side switch is usually the cheapest way to achieve load switching. This means that when the switch is open, the load is essentially floating with respect to the negative of the power supply, which is usually the ground reference in most designs. The switch controls the negative side of the load. Figure 1 shows this type of load switching. The actual electronic switch element comes in two variants: Bipolar Junction Transistors, or BJTs, and MOSFETs.īefore getting to the actual switch itself, let’s define what is meant by low-side switching. One of the simplest approaches to controlling large loads that operate on DC current is the saturated switch. However, this approach means that some liberties have been taken with technical rigors.įREE GUIDE: Introduction to Microcontrollers A few simple math calculations are required to determine typical component values, and these will be presented in easily accessible formats. Let’s look at several ways to switch heavier loads on the low side from a typical microcontroller output. That’s because the output drive of most microcontrollers can directly source or sink only about 10mA. One thing that microcontrollers cannot do is directly control anything other than, maybe, a single LED. On March 16, 1999, the NFL owners, by a 29–2 vote, approved a resolution to award Los Angeles the expansion 32nd franchise. Meanwhile, Ovitz now had competition coming from his own market, as real estate developer Ed Roski announced a rival bid for a future Los Angeles team his proposal centered around putting a 68,000-seat stadium inside the shell of the historic Los Angeles Coliseum. In late October 1998, Tagliabue announced that the NFL owners would indeed expand the league to 32 teams, and would decide by April 1999 which city would be awarded the NFL expansion franchise. However, both McNair and Ovitz stated that they needed to know the NFL's intentions regarding expansion by early 1999, lest they lose public support as a result of long delays while the league developed its plans. Houston officials worried that Los Angeles would get the nod because of its media market size in early May, those fears became reality as entertainment guru Michael Ovitz announced he would lead a largely privately financed $750 million project to build a stadium in Carson, California in hopes of landing the expansion team. In March 1998, McNair learned that the NFL officially awarded Cleveland its promised expansion franchise, making it the NFL's 31st team NFL Commissioner Tagliabue said that the league would likely add a 32nd team in the next two years, with the three top candidates being Toronto ( which would have been the NFL's first franchise outside the US, and the fifth largest market in North America), Los Angeles ( North America's second largest media market, and the victim of two relocated franchises in the 1990s), and Houston (which was the fourth largest media market in North America and whose Oilers had been the most recent victim of franchise relocation). Two days later, Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo (HLS&R) officials announced they would push for a domed stadium as part of the bid to lure the NFL back to Houston. A future expansion to 32 teams seemed both logical and destined to happen, and Tagliabue praised McNair's strong initial efforts. Cleveland had lost the Browns in 1995 and had been promised by Tagliabue that the next expansion team would play there, bringing the league total to 31 teams. Now committed to the task at hand, McNair and Houston got an immediate morale boost in October 1997, when the NFL Stadium Committee reported to Commissioner Paul Tagliabue on the current attractiveness of Cleveland, Los Angeles, and Houston. Steve Patterson, who had been working with McNair in an attempt to bring the NHL to Houston, was immediately named as head of the new organization. While efforts to get an NHL team in Houston faltered, McNair made his decision to set his sights higher and founded Houston NFL Holdings. Moores, whose name was often attached to efforts to return the NFL to Houston, said that the city's football fans would be in for a long, dry spell without football and that he did not foresee another league expansion in the next 10 years. In an interview with the Houston Chronicle, local entrepreneur and San Diego Padres owner John J. A lawsuit filed by the city of Houston, Harris County, and other parties was settled with Adams paying millions of dollars for leaving town. Two weeks later, Houston found itself without professional football for the first time since 1959 as Houston Oilers owner Bud Adams got the final approval to move his team to Tennessee. In June 1997, Bob McNair and Chuck Watson were bypassed by the National Hockey League in an attempt to bring a team to Houston, in part because of a lack of a suitable NHL arena. Despite some growing pains in the first nine years of their existence, the Texans became a more dominant team in the NFL's AFC South division in the 2010s, though they have yet to appear in a Super Bowl.ġ997: Bringing the NFL back to Houston The Texans are the newest franchise in the NFL. The history of the Houston Texans began in 2002, bringing the National Football League back to Houston, Texas after the city's previous franchise, the Houston Oilers, relocated to Nashville, Tennessee to eventually become the Tennessee Titans. This type of songwriting - where the beat or music bed comes first and then a topline is written to itstarted in the world of Hip Hop but now is common in much of Pop music. They are known for - making beats, often song-starters in these genres. Beat Makersīeatmaker Producers are common in the EDM, Hip Hop and Pop world. In some cases they also do ‘vocal coaching’ to the artist, helping identify the best key for the vocalist and guide the artist through the vocal takes, lending their experience to when you have it nailed, when to try again and how, what types of harmonies or doubles to do etc. In some cases they know how to oversee and coordinate a project and locate the right talent at the best price and just ‘make it happen’, not unlike a musical Project Manager or Director. They are instrumentalists or multi instrumentalists that may end up being your ‘band’ on the recording. These folks are typically good at taking a written song, and creating arrangements - deciding which instrument will play on which song and what part each instrument will play. This category of producers are fantastic if you’re a songwriter and when working remotely. Traditional producers can take your song or song idea and turn it into a great sounding track that you can record your vocals to. No one is better than the other, they are just different, so it’s important to find out what kind of producer you’re talking to. There are different types of producers who all call themselves producers, and this can get confusing. In this guide I'll offer a 4-point checklist for identifying the right producer for you. Magic can come from the right producer-artist relationship and working with the right producer can make a song bloom. Someone you'll have to trust with your "babies". You're not hiring a plumber you're trying to find your partner in art. Now you're starting your search for candidates. Amazon and Meta both unveiled new rounds of cuts in March.The Insider's Guide to Hiring a Music Producerįor so many good reasons, you've decided to hire a music producer. Nearly half of those cuts came in the months of November and December, led by massive reductions at Amazon, which cut 10,000 employees, and Facebook and Instagram parent company Meta, which cut 11,000 employees. Employers feared high inflation and multiple rounds of interest rate hikes by the Federal Reserve could throw the economy into recession. companies between June and December, according to Forbes’ tracker. employees affected by cuts at more than 120 large U.S. companies ranging from tech startups to manufacturers, retailers and banks conducted a series of major layoffs last summer-with nearly 125,000 U.S. ![]() labor market still managed to add 236,000 jobs in the month of March while the unemployment rate dropped to 3.5% from 3.6% in February, according to Labor Department data-though it was the smallest increase in total employment since December 2020, sparking fears among economists that a recession could be under way. ![]() Contraĭespite massive layoffs continuing at many large companies over the first few months of 2023, the U.S. layoffs over the first three months of 2023-more than the previous two fiscal quarters combined, led by massive head count reductions at Amazon, Google, Meta and Microsoft, according to Forbes’ tracker. That’s how many employees were cut in major U.S. ![]() ![]() April 3 Hyland Software, the developer behind process management software OnBase, announced plans to cut 1,000 employees-roughly a fifth of its workforce-and reassess job responsibilities, as CEO Bill Priemer said the Ohio tech company “did not anticipate the degree to which inflation, rising interest rates and wage increases would impact our expenses.” Big Numberġ36,000. ![]() If you aren’t sure about tides or have questions, ask a local or make an inquiry with the Seaside Visitors Bureau staff, who can give you in-person guidance as well as more travel tips. LOCAL MARINE FORECAST: Intra Coastal Schoodic Point to Stonington. On the Oregon Coast, you’ll typically see two high tides and two low tides per day, roughly six hours apart. ![]() For the best beachcombing, you want to look for low tide - strong minus tides can be especially good beach days 6. For example, L -1.0 indicates a low tide at one foot below chart datum. Low tides (L) are the smaller numbers and can be either positive or negative. For example, H 8.0 would indicate that the peak swell for that time period will be 8 feet above chart datum (or the average low tide height). High tides (H) are the larger, positive numbers. Chart datum is the plane of reference against which tidal heights are measured it’s an average of low tide heights. The tide timetable below is calculated from Bar Harbor, Frenchman Bay, Maine but is also suitable for estimating tide times in the following locations: Bar Harbor (0.3km/0.2mi) Sullivan (8.8km/5.5mi) Hancock (11.9km/7.4mi) Trenton (13.6km/8.5mi) Franklin (14.2km/8.9mi) Tremont (18.2km/11.4mi) Steuben (23km/14.3mi) Surry (25. The measurements represent how many feet above or below chart datum the tide will be at that given time. Scan for time of day.Īs you move across the chart left to right, you’ll see times of day and height measurements in feet. Find the date.Īfter selecting the tide table for the appropriate month, scan the left side of the table for the date in question. If you’re new to tide tables, here are six pro tips for reading them properly: You can find up-to-date tables specifically for Seaside here. Learning to read tide tables can help in planning your day. Whether you come to Seaside for storms, to watch the tides or to paddle tidally influenced rivers, it’s crucial that you understand when low and high tide occurs since they affect almost everything you’ll do here (including simply lazing on the shore). Check out the photo contest to see images from this past winter’s event. King tides occur when the moon is nearest the earth in early winter. Another ocean phenomenon, “king tides” - defined as unusually high tides - highlight the influence tides have on coastal environments and how climate change can dramatically affect them. Storm-watchers and tide-observers come to Seaside, standing on the Prom to see the beach transform in the matter of minutes: Storms tend to steal the show, demonstrating the dynamic force of nature present on the Coast. And locals will tell you that the best time for beachcombing is low tide after a good storm. These unpredictable cooler days have perks: There’s something quite satisfying about playing board games and sipping hot chocolate next to a fire in a coastal cottage, waiting for the rain to let up before heading out to explore the shore. ![]() If your winter beach vacations to date have required sunscreen, then you clearly have not experienced a magical Seaside day in January or February, when the weather can change from bright sunshine to misty drizzle in mere hours. She has lived in New York City and the San Francisco Bay Area, and now makes her home in Saint Louis, where she is active in the local arts and theater community. ![]() the Central Park Zoo, San Diego Zoo, and Chicagos John G. Judith earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts from Pratt Institute. Shark and Ice Age Films Featured as Aquarium Opens New 4D Theater. Launching as a freelancer in the mid 1990s she has contributed to dozens of publications and media outlets including Funworld, Lighting&Sound America, Sound & Communications, Urban Land, The Raconteur and The Planetarian. She was publicist for the Large Format Cinema Association in the 1990s, now part of the Giant Screen Cinema Association (GSCA) and has also contributed to the publications of PLASA, IAAPA and the International Planetarium Society.Īlready making her mark as a magazine and book editor, Judith joined World’s Fair magazine in 1987, which introduced her to the attractions industry. Join your favorite LEGO characters on action-packed adventures in our 4D Cinema Watch out for supercharged wind, rain and snow effects as they burst off the. She was development director of IMERSA, and co-chair of the 2014 IMERSA Summit. The Detroit Zoo’s 4D Theater is the first of its kind at any Michigan zoo. In 2013, she was honored with the TEA Service Award. From 2005-2020 she ran communications, publications and social media for the Themed Entertainment Association (TEA). Judith has ties to numerous industry organizations. Areas of special interest include AV integration and show control, lighting design and acoustics, specialty cinema, digital video and world’s fairs. A sci-fi action adventure and the definitive origin story of Buzz Lightyear (voice of Chris Evans), the hero who inspired the toy, Lightyear follows the legendary Space Ranger on an intergalactic adventure alongside a group of ambitious recruits (voices of Keke Palmer, Dale Soules and Taika Waititi), and his robot companion Sox (voice of Peter. ![]() She excels at writing about all aspects of design and technical design, production and project management. Judith Rubin ( ) is a leading journalist, publicist, strategist, blogger, content marketing specialist and connector in the international attractions industry. The game reset to the $20 million minimum on Saturday 01/23/21, which was won, and then another jackpot hit on 01/30/21. A ticket sold in Maryland hit the $731.1 million jackpot on Wednesday 01/20/21. Powerball in early 2020 had three jackpot winners in four drawings. The previous Powerball grand-prize winner was 03/27/21 for a drawing worth $238 million. That ticket was sold in Jacksonville, Florida, at a Circle K convenience store. The previous Powerball grand prize winner before that was on Saturday 06/05/21 for a $286 million jackpot. There were two winning tickets-one each in California and Wisconsin-that split the prize. The previous grand prize ticket before that was won on 01/05/22 for a $630 million jackpot. That ticket was purchased in Connecticut. The last grand prize ticket before that was sold on 02/14/22 for a $183 million jackpot. The last grand prize winner was on 04/27/22 for a $473 million jackpot with one lone ticket that was sold in Arizona. Tickets shown for the Powerball lottery in Texas during June 2019. Had they purchased the Power Play for an extra $1, their second prize would be worth $2 million. There was no grand prize winner on Wednesday, but there was one ticket sold in Texas that matched the first five white balls, and minus the red Powerball, for the game's second prize of $1 million. The winning numbers last Wednesday (06/15/22) for the $258 million jackpot were: 19-28-41-42-51 with a Powerball of 07. ![]() The other ticket purchased in Massachusetts is worth $1 since they didn't buy the Power Play option. One of those tickets, purchased in Indiana, is worth $2 million since they purchased the Power Play for an extra $1. ![]() There were two tickets purchased for Saturday, however, that matched the first five white balls and minus the red Powerball for the game's second prize. There was no grand prize winner on Saturday so the jackpot increases to $296 million for the 06/20/22 drawing. Saturday night's 06/18/22 Powerball jackpot was worth $279 million, with a cash-value option worth $159.4 million. The Powerball jackpot for 06/18/22 was $279 million, and here are the winning numbers from Saturday night's drawing. ![]() Although the Pteranodon aviary is closed, Hudson convinces a park employee to let him inside. Hudson Harper, a boy staying at the park, reports the escaped Stygimoloch and it is later captured. June 16, 2012: A Stygimoloch from the park's dinosaur carousel escapes and runs wild through the park as it closes for the day. Owen and Claire contain the dinosaur and relocate it to the island's northern sector, where other hybrid dinosaurs have been sent to live. Eager to utilize his security team, Vic proceeds with efforts to stop the dinosaur, but fails. Owen deduces that the dinosaur is simply scared, as it still has the brain of a juvenile despite its full-grown body. When the full-grown dinosaur escapes, Owen and Claire work to contain it. Because Masrani wants the dinosaur ready later that day, Wu speeds up the creature's growth. Wu creates a Tyrannosaurus/Ankylosaurus hybrid dinosaur as a new theme park attraction for Masrani. However, it is ultimately sealed in a secure glass case for the exhibit. Danny volunteers to work with Claire on setting up the exhibit, hoping to obtain the tape. However, before Sinjin can retrieve the tape, Masrani decides to put the contents on display in a new exhibit about Jurassic Park. Among the contents is a VHS tape that Nedry made Sinjin and Danny believe it will lead them to the treasure. June 13, 2012: Owen moves into Dennis Nedry's old trailer and removes its contents, including old Jurassic Park memorabilia. A Sinoceratops stampede heads toward the trailer as Owen finds Claire, and they manage to use their Jeep to tow the trailer out of harm's way, saving Masrani. However, the map piece flies out of the trailer when Masrani opens the door, and it lands in a mud puddle, where it disintegrates. Sinjin discovers that a missing piece of the treasure map is in the trailer. Meanwhile, Sinjin continues his search for the island's treasure, which Danny will use to fund the creation of new dinosaurs for his own theme park. Hoping to impress Masrani and earn a promotion, Claire leaves the trailer and tries to obtain a cell phone signal to call for help. Masrani and Claire take shelter in an old trailer that belonged to Dennis Nedry, who had been searching for the island's treasure years earlier. ![]() When the security team gets lost in the jungle, Owen sets out to find Masrani and Claire on his own. June 11, 2012: When Masrani and Claire get stranded in the jungle during a storm, Vic and his security team head out to find them. Simultaneously, Danny has recruited adventurer Sinjin Prescott to search for the lost treasure of Captain No Beard on Isla Nublar. Henry Wu and is tired of taking orders from him, so Danny tries convincing her to become his accomplice. Allison Miles is annoyed by fellow scientist Dr. Danny intends to continue his secret efforts to bring down Jurassic World, in honor of his uncle. Although Mitchell is upset by his experience, he believes that Masrani has the right people to get the park under control. Owen and Claire find Mitchell, and Owen uses his animal behavioral skills to dissuade the Tyrannosaurus from harming them. While travelling over the Tyrannosaurus enclosure, Danny secretly sabotages Mitchell's gondola ride and puts him at danger of being consumed by the dinosaur. Mitchell, annoyed by Claire and Owen, sneaks off for a self-guided tour. Disgruntled park employee Danny Nedermeyer, the nephew of Dennis Nedry, tries to disrupt Mitchell's visit in a covert attempt to bring down Jurassic World. Claire recruits the park's raptor trainer, Owen Grady, to help give Mitchell a guided tour, keeping him away from areas of the park that are undergoing maintenance. June 7, 2012: When influential theme park critic Larson Mitchell visits Jurassic World, park owner Simon Masrani and assistant manager Claire Dearing are eager to impress him.
![]() Some records have survived are inscriptions on bronze ritual vessels indicating how they were paid for thus giving glimpses into the monetary system of the time, but in most cases the readings are subject to several interpretations with their true meanings uncertain. 221 BC) to erase earlier history which included earlier writings. ![]() Official ancient records are of little help in this series, as few survived the Ch'in Dynasty's attempt (ca. The third it must have an understood denomination so that it need not be weighed at every transaction, otherwise it is only a bullion item. Secondly, it must contain an intrinsic value bearing some relationship to the circulating value, and while that intrinsic value can be less than the circulating value if it falls too far below the item becomes a token rather than a coin. First, it must bear the mark of the issuing authority. We will be happy to hear from anyone who wishes to express their opinions on this subject, or can provide us with information that we are not aware of.Ī true coin, as compared to a primitive money, must meet three criteria. Some of our theories will almost certainly eventually be proven wrong and will have to be revised (some already have been), and it is our hope to keep moving forward towards a genuine understanding of this complex series. This site puts forward our observations and ideas that have evolved over time from many different sources, combining them with ideas put forward by other numismatists. The coinage of early China is not well understood, although things have improved signficantly in recent years. ![]() Images represent the types and may be larger or smaller than the actual coins. This is a reference guide to the cast coins of China from the Zhou Dynasty, including knife and spade coins, not a listing of coins offered for sale (although a listing of examples we currently have available can be viewed on our : our vcoins store. |
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